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Butterfly, my traveling companion

A reader found a haiku of Masaoka Shiki, translated into French, and asked me if I did not know the original version. The translation is like this: In the butterfly

I propose
Be my companion
travel.

was easy to find the original haiku. You can read all the haikus which Shiki le sujet est le papillon sur ce site (japonais).

道Dzure is counting on a journey Department butterfly Michizuré-wa kochô-o tanomu tabiji-kana

L'histoire peut finir là, mais je m'arrête pour réfléchir un peu sur la traduction. Elle n'est pas forcément incorrecte, mais insuffisante à mes yeux.
Je pourrais modifier la version originale, pour qu'elle corresponde à cette traduction française.

Department counting on the journey to the Phalaenopsis Micizuré 道Dzure -o kochô-ni tanomu Tabiji-kana

In this case, this little poem means "Oh My trip to the butterfly that requires to be my companion." But this can not be a haiku of Shiki. Both particle を (o- ) and に ( -ni) are enclitic which show the grammatical case, and there is no syntactic ambiguity. The mode of the verb tanomu (ask) is the verbal adjective in this modified version, connected to the name Tabiji (route).
The similarity of the code and the verbal adjective does not generally pose problems of interpretation. If the verb is immediately before a name is the verbal adjective (走る 男 hashiru otoko , the running man). If it is at the end of the sentence, it is indicative (男 は 走る otoko-wa hashiru , man short).
But this haiku Shiki tanomu , which is before a noun, the adjective can not be verbal. This would be a ridiculous sentence.

道づれ は 胡蝶 を たのむ 旅路 哉 My traveling companion is my itinerary that calls the butterfly.

The companion of Shiki can not be the route itself, but the butterfly. Therefore, we must think words tanomu is an indication that there is a caesura after the word net.

道づれ は 胡蝶 を たのむ 旅路 哉 I trust the butterfly, my traveling companion. This is my journey.

The modern meaning of this verb is "to ask, propose", but I think it must be understood in the sense a little old "trust, follow" (たよる tayoru in modern Japanese). Presumably omission before Tabiji -kana, which can link failure.
And the genius of Shiki is good in this syntactic ambiguity. If we took the verb tanomu as the verbal adjective, haiku would mean nothing, but that is what the ordinary reader does not think too much about syntax. He does not realize that there is a caesura after tanomu , and this clearly highlights the word poetic Kocho (butterfly), which is related to dreams in the popular imagination.胡蝶 の 夢 Kocho-no yume , "the dream of the butterfly is the famous story of Zhuang Zi . (I consider here the verb tanomu as indicative. It is my hypothesis, which is not credible by chance.)
However, one can believe it's a haiku in a single stroke, without any break. You can add に ( -ni)-wa before to clarify the meaning.

道づれ (に) は 胡蝶 を たのむ 旅路 哉

In this case, the verbal adjective is possible again, but I feel that this would be rather awkward as a composition of haiku. I prefer to keep the ambiguity of -wa, which would cause a kind of anacoluthon, if the verb was considered the verbal adjective.
I said that the proposed translation is not necessarily incorrect. Is that the translator may well take the liberty to ensure that the translation is natural. Anyway, the semantic difference is not too sensitive.

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Flowers of Poncirus

composer Minoru ENDÔ died Dec. 6 at the age of 76. It was the first composer of Japanese varieties that have had the honor of being "major contributors to Culture", decorated by the Emperor. He is best known for the tubes enka style. The enka is often wrongly considered the traditional style of Japanese varieties, but its pace is a more typical variation Cuban habanera ( La Paloma ). Some say "演歌 は 日本 の 心 です" ( Enka-wa nihon-no-kokoro desu the enka is the soul of Japan ", but in reality it is not so Japanese, and I doubt that the stylization of enka dates only from the 70s, if I walk fast career of the composer died.
The enka is kind of varieties particularly hated by fans of rock, because of his image too "indigenous". I am of the generation post-punk, and I do not share too much rock'n'roll attitude;) The problem is that finally, there is not much to note in this kind enka. Minoru Endo, I do not like most other makers of tubes, at least left a memorable song. (Before the Second World War, the word meant enka songs "social", hardly the kind favored by the Japanese post-war. enka pre-war has nothing to do with enka that knows now.)
The song is titled からたち 日記 Karatachi nikki (Journal of Poncirus [thorny lemon tree] ") (1958). The title is not really understandable. Is the plant in writing? It was a big hit, but it's really surprising, because the rhythm is completely irregular. It's Frank Zappa? Endo was it from a Balkan country? lol Of course it has nothing to see, but one wonders where these came too weird rhythmic arrangements, especially for a tube. The singer called SHIMAKURA Chiyoko. Minoru Endo's song, sung by Chiyoko Shimakura must be an enka based on image, but it eludes categorization. I thought it was a Chiyoko Shimakura Françoise Hardy Japanese, but she sings much better Hardy anyway.

からたち 日記

As it is a slow, erratic music is not overstated, but the impression remains very strange music. If this song was well received by the people, presumably because the melody respected the rhythm within the Japanese language at the expense of musicality normal. But the honor of this musical innovation is not allocated to Minoru Endo. Besides, if it were another plant that the "thorny lemon tree" ( karatachi ), this was never a hit. Already, the record company refused to sing this song strange to the young star (image of YouTube, 1975).

The genius of contemporary Japanese music, Kosaku Yamada, aka Kósçak Yamada (1886-1965), was composed からたち の 花 Karatachi -no hana (Flowers of Poncirus) with the words of the great poet Kitahara Hakushu. That's because this song existed than Shimakura Chiyoko is entitled Karatachi nikki, while the chorus repeats karatachi-no hana . Kosaku Yamada
, keen observer of the Japanese language, has even invented his own transcription of the Japanese alphabet (including his name Kósçak), and composed some experimental works to enforce the internal rhythm of spoken Japanese. Karatachi-no hana scandal was a great musical. Kosaku Yamada has also composed and Doyo shoka , but this song is a work of "serious" ( kakyôku , musical air). Is that the Japanese loved this song the song Shimakura Chiyoko has been a big hit. The intro Karatachi nikki quotes a fragment of the melody-no hana Karatachi . (Unfortunately, the transcript alphabetical Kosaku Yamada was too fanciful, but it was a good attempt.)

からたち の 花 (Maki Mori)

Yamada is a real pain in the neck for the singers. For example, the composer has dpi indication on na shiroi shiroi of ha na-ga . You see it is quite impossible to sing, and the singer does not respect the will of the artist here.

Flowers of Poncirus flourished.
They are all white flowers. The spines of

Poncirus bite.
These are all green spines.

Poncirus is the hedge of the field.
I always pass by this road.

Even Poncirus bears fruit in autumn.
These are all round golden fruit.

I cried alongside Poncirus.
Everyone was nice.

Flowers of Poncirus flourished.
They are all white flowers.

(Original text )

My translation has no flavor
;-( I put the picture to make me apologize.

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Songs for Children in Japan: shoka

The word shoka 唱歌 would mean " songs to sing to the letter, because these two characters mean respectively "sing" and "songs". But the word has a specific meaning. These are children's songs, composed in about one hundred years, from the Meiji into the years 1950-1960 at the latest, but the movement ended de facto with the Second World War. The government took the initiative of this musical project, while the Doyo 童 謡 "children's songs" was a literary movement and musical artists who were not happy shoka too formalistic. Already, the words of shoka are often difficult to understand because they are written in Japanese as "literary" (文 语 bungo , "written language" to the letter), while the talents of excellent poets like Kitahara Hakushu (1885-1942) (The first symbolist poet in Japan, unfortunately little known abroad) and Ujo Noguchi (1882-1945) exercised for movement Doyo . I much prefer the Doyo to shoka , but I give some examples of shoka first. The slogan of the Meiji government was "out of Asia into Europe," and the draft shoka made it an important part to change the Japanese sensibility. This does not mean these songs are downright Western, but they show the efforts of the emulation. He must know a minimum of shoka and Doyo to understand the sensitivity of modern Japanese. (The Japanese often confuse these two genres. They believe that shoka and Doyo mean the same thing, but they are categories historically distinct from one another.)
You can probably see that If some Japanese show allergy to be confused with the Chinese, it often concerns the musical sensibility. They shout: "This is a Chinese melody, it has nothing to Japanese!" It gives you music education in schools again with the shoka , which bears the trace of modernization of the Meiji era. Even now, Kim Jong-Il gives much importance to the musical politics, and the Japanese before the war were a bit like the North Koreans today. Maybe it's characteristic of East Asia.
The first attempt to emulate European music was " Hana (Flower)" (1900) TAKI Rentaro (1879-1903). This is not a shoka itself, since this song was not written for children, but is now regarded as a piece that represents the genre. Moreover, Taki has composed many shoka pendant sa vie trop courte.
Les arrangements sont trop bizarres, mais je ne peux trouver mieux: (

flowers / 廉太郎 fall / solo female trio

Sur le fleuve Sumida dans la douceur du printemps,
Montent et descendent les bateliers.
Même les gouttes d'eau tombent comme les pétales de leurs rames.
A quoi doit-on comparer le cours d'eau ?

" Utsukushiki tennen (The Beautiful Nature) "is the first waltz composed in Japan (1905). Interpretation is Soul Flower Mononoke Summit, one of my favorites groups. The melody is rather known as circus music now.

美しき 天然

" Sôshunfu (Early Spring)" (1913). The image is from a broadcast of NHK " Minna-no uta" (Songs for all). The drawing is Seiichi Hayashi ( Sékishoku Elegy, The Elegy red).

早春 赋

It's spring on the calendar, but the wind is cold.
While the nightingale uguisu Valley wants to sing,
He was silent, thinking that it's not time yet.

" Oboro-dzukiyo (Night at Moon Wave)" (1914). ISHIKAWA Sayuri singer says it is a Doyo . Good example of confusion, but the problem is that it is not stupid.

1993 Spring Scene in Japan, Sayuri Ishikawa 朧月夜 Ishikawa Sayuri

Le crépuscule s'assombrit sur le champ de colza.
La brume est dense partout sur les cimes de la colline.
Je vois le ciel où la bise printanière souffle,
Et trouve la lune de soir qui brille légèrement.

" Fuyu-géshiki (Paysage d'hiver)" (1913). The interpretation is as it should, but no more. Much of shoka is called "Monbusho- shoka " shoka Department of Education. And often neither the composer nor the lyricist are identified. This song is one example.

冬 景色

At the port where the fog light disappears
Morning Frost White is on the boat.
We only hear the song of birds, sea
And Home the board does not wake up again.

" Umi (The Sea)" (1913). Another Monbusho-shoka . Disregard the image non-existent. I always prefer the chorus girls for this kind of shoka .

海

Once off the wood where the pines disappear,
We see a white sail floating.
Nets are tops, dried sea,
Gulls are low, flying flower waves. Look
the sea under the sun.

" Hamabé -no uta (Song of the beach)" (1918). The recording is from 1941, sung by Li Xianglan (Ri Koran ). Li Xianglan was the pseudonym of Yamaguchi Yoshiko, Japan originated in China. Li Xianglan was a huge star in China during the Second World War. She pretended to be a real Chinese fear of disappointing the Chinese and Japanese. Accused of treason against the state of China, she confessed that she was Japanese and was acquitted. Doing his mea culpa, she was elected senator a socialist. She starred in Samuel Fuller's films under the name Shirley Yamaguchi. Born in 1920, she is still alive. It is a great character respectable despite its ambiguous history.

浜辺 の 歌 李 香蘭

I wander on the beach in the morning,
And I remember once.
The wind noise, the shape of clouds.
The waves collided, the color of shells.

She sings 風 よ 音 よ ( Kaze-yo-yo ear, wind noise) faithfully to the original speech, but the subtitle is 風の音 よ ( Kaze-no oto-yo wind noise), more understandable, in fact, but that does not meet the author. It is true that all Japanese sing Kaze-no oto-yo now, but it means that people do not respect their cultural heritage.

" Yashi no mi- (Coconut)" (1936). The word is Toson Shimazaki (1901), but the government in wartime made a song especially ambiguous, under the policy of expansion into the Southeast Asia.
singer called AU. It's a good singer.

AU うう あやし のみ 椰子 の 実

A lot of parents and teachers now want these songs shoka no longer appear in the textbook, because the lyrics are too difficult for children by them. A few months ago, a girl of twelve years wrote the newspaper Asahi Shinbun , saying she would learn the difficult words with these beautiful songs ... Although this is only the products of musical politics of the imperial government before the war, I think must transmit this heritage to our children.

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Is it true that it is frowned upon blow his nose in public in Japan?

I heard with my French students repeatedly, and the quiz RTL has spoken recently. In Japan, do not blow your nose in public, because it is considered rude. Cyril Hanouna added that prefers sniffing rather than blowing it in Japan, a somewhat serious tone. This photograph makes me uncomfortable because I do not know where it came.
But I finally understood! Phew. (Well, I think I understand.) In fact, the real knowledge of Japan is "not to blow his nose into the handkerchief fabric ". I do not know why, but this civility of modern Japanese (as it did before) would have changed to something else. Perhaps the Japanese phone;) Indeed, it is considered unhygienic to snuff the handkerchief. You have to blow into the tissue and throw it in the trash immediately. It is a question of hygiene, but not polite. I do not know if it is scientifically proved that it is not hygienic to blow his nose into the handkerchief cloth wet in Japan, this is a popular belief, no doubt. But anyway, I'm excited to hear all the time all is the question politeness in Japan. (This is because I'm not a Japanese political course! ,-P)
I do not personally know any Japanese who prefer to sniff rather than blow his nose, but maybe because I'm provincial. I do not know all the "good manners" Japan! (But I lived in Tokyo for almost ten years.) It is possible that this rule be placed somewhere in the protocol of Japanese noble, I know! Anyway, it's ridiculous not to blow his nose when we enrhubé. : D You do not need to make the overly loud, it's the same in France. I can at least ensure that you do not offend anyone by blowing his nose in the normal tissue paper. Moreover, the Japanese are so weird that I would not be surprised if my compatriots residing in France repeated what they heard as a polite Japanese mouth of the French.

But why do they speak Japanese politeness always specific? In my opinion, they pronounce this word when they do not know how to explain a custom or habit. This "courtesy" may be replaced by the "snobbery" referred to the philosopher Hegel's Russian-born Alexander Kojeve. I quote the passage quite famous in Japan (but a bit weird, I must say).

I was able to observe a company that is unique its kind [in Japan in 1959], because they alone have had an experience almost three centuries of life during "End of History", that is to say in the absence of any war civil or external (as a result of the liquidation of "feudalism" by the commoner Hideyoshi and the artificial isolation of the country designed by his noble successor Yieyasu). The existence of the Japanese nobles, who ceased to risk their lives (even dual) without starting work, was nothing and animal.
Japanese Civilization "post-historical" committed in ways diametrically opposed to the "American way". Without doubt, is there more to Japan Religion, morality, or policy under "European" or "history" of these words. But Snobbery in pure creative disciplines including negating the given "natural" or "animal" which exceeded by far more efficient, those born in Japan or elsewhere, Action "historic", c that is to say, war and revolutionary struggles or forced labor. Certainly, the vertices (nowhere matched) of snobbery that are specifically Japanese Noh Theater, the tea ceremony and the art of flower bouquets were and remain the exclusive prerogative of noble people and rich. But despite the persistent social and economic inequalities, all Japanese without exception are currently able to live according to values totally formalized, that is to say completely empty of content "human" within the meaning of " history ". Thus, ultimately, every Japanese is in principle able to proceed by pure snobbery, a suicide perfectly "free" (the classic samurai sword can be replaced by a plane or a torpedo), which has nothing to do with risk of life in a struggle based on values "historical" social or political content. What seems to believe that allowing the interaction of an account not rebarbarisation Japanese, but a "Japanization" Westerners (including the Russians).

is a bit dated, but his prophecy about the Japanization was not really wrong. Me, a humanist, I try to put obstacles, starting with refusing the so-called Japanese politeness, meaningless and human history.

PS Apparently it is forbidden to blow his nose during the tea ceremony. But I can not really think that this particular rule is the origin of this cliche, as most Japanese do not practice this so-called art.

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Momoyama Haru

Musician singer Momoyama Haru 桃山 晴 衣 died at age 69 on December 5. Player of the shamisen, she is best known for his 1981 album " Ryôjinhishô " 梁 尘 秘 抄, which resurrected the lyrics of popular songs of the 12th century, purely regarded as literary works so far, with original music composed by the hypothesis of pan-Eastern music, which crosses geographic band that goes from North African countries to Japan. It

was also able to give new life to other folk songs of Japan. She has performed with many musicians Oriental, including the Egyptian oud player Hamza El Din. She made the music The Tempest, directed by Peter Brooke. She has written books on traditional Japanese music. Her husband is TSUCHITORI Toshiyuki, percussionist.

Ryôjinhishô is the collection of anonymous poems published by Goshirakawa joko about 1180. Most words have inspired Buddhist, but they are not dogmatic, because they are the more or less naive faith of the people. The collection also contains erotic poems. Unfortunately, most of the poems are gone. Forgotten for several centuries, the collection was rediscovered in the early 20th century by the poet Nobutsuna SASAKI, also known as the scientist who established the critical edition of Man'yôshû . While joko ("Emperor retired) at the end of the aristocracy in the era of the advent of the samurai, was madly in love Goshirakawa popular songs of the era. There are several emperors who left a literary, but it is quite exceptional for its love of popular music.
The collection also contains musical references, but they are hardly readable, because the tradition is completely lost. Nobody dared to put these poems into music because of it, but Momoyama did with his original music. Desecration of medieval works? But no. Because the most famous words Ryôjinhishô are as follows:

遊び を せ むとや 生まれ けむ Maybe we born to play.
戯れ せ むとや 生まれ けむ Maybe are we born for fun.

The first verse 遊び を せ むとや 生まれ けむ ( Asobi-O-n-to-ken-ya umar ) was the original title of the album Momoyama. These two lines are my favorite quote of Japanese literature :-)

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I beg you, no nonsense like that! Operation

I received this email yesterday. Brackets, it's me.

Hello,
Your blog, 'cho omoshiroï'! [ too interesting ] Even if I do not understand everything. Are you a translator, but I think you have no chance of finding a job in this area, especially if you tend to learn French literature. And even less chance of finding such a job in Aomori, except in the nuclear field, with the plant at Rokkasho. Is there already 5 feet of snow in Aomori?
I remember correctly there is even a hot water system on the main street to melt the snow.
Fortunately you can still count on your parents for help, even 41 years. Anyway, no Japanese company would want to hire someone with CV like yours! You are marginalized and do good for the 'freeters [ temporary worker ] and again ....

5 meters of snow? It seems he is very familiar with Japan, saying then. Pedophiles, unemployed, inbred, welcome to Aomori? Rokkasho nuclear plant still hiring translators and interpreters? Yeah ... he is aware, of course ... And what he means by 'the French literary'? It's like classical Arabic? G o6 SMS learned French, I believe his fé ke won, right? But as well!
I had the extreme kindness to respond to this nonsense.

'Fortunately you can still count on your parents for help, even 41 years. "
But where do you go out this crap? My father died twelve years ago and it was a workman. It seems to me you're not even aware that Japan is a democratic country. You're enjoying the caricature and stereotype, do what you want, but do not write me nonsense like that.
Shame on you.

I really wonder where they heard this idiocy 'In Japan, it is the CV of parents to have a good job' because I've been annoyed by others 'me, I know Japan' . Is this an urban legend in Japan well known in France? Me, I studied at National School of Foreign Languages in Tokyo (the official name in French is the Tokyo University of Foreign Languages, but I find little happy, because this school has nothing to do with the University of Tokyo), but Frankly, I hardly know any friend who has been hired by the parents. If it exists, is a story of the son to dad who has not seriously studied. It's good for the bad soap opera. And my school has nothing to do with these private universities attended by the idle rich almost illiterate. They are not even the majority of Japanese students, and then, why this picture ridiculous? (Is it the fault of my compatriots who love too weird stereotypes about the Japanese? Beware of Japanese who speak of their civilization! Except me of course;-p)
I regretted having sent my response in a rage. Very bad, but maybe it was a joke ... But alas, I was treated worse than its response to the previous post ...

Sorry,
But if you are looking for work, as you say in your blog, and you have 41, you have 10 years studying at university in France? [J 've lived in France for ten years, but I have not done ten years of study in France anyway. ]
So you do not get the PhD. You tried it a lot. [ Yeah, I was depressed ... ]
It appears that you have serious problems to meet only your needs?
Your father is dead, but his company manufacturing soy sauce, there still is not it? [ It's amazing how it can persist in keeping his beloved image of Japan. ]
With this you support yourself, then you probably live in the parental home?
Otherwise, tell me why this is wrong, since my deductions resulting from the information you provide about yourself in your blog?
And besides, you ride at night instead of sleeping? [ It is true that I sent my response to 3am, but I'm going to bed at midnight every day. ]
So I figured you do not have to get up a good hour to get to work. Know
dear sir I am very familiar with Japan, as well as Aomori. [ Yes, yes, of course, I have no doubt about it. ]
The shame you should instead invade you! Why me? I'm [not] born in the country of Shame, Japan. [ It is a compliment. ]
You are aggressive in your response when I sent a friendly message. [ Is there someone who can understand how he can find a friendly message so disrespectful and rude to me?? Even at 41 years, I have to ask for help from my parents to find a job, 'Japan is a country like that, I know him very well, that is what he says, and he is friendly?? ]
Because in 41 years without work in Japan, is the supreme disgrace! And
single, so it's even worse! [ But what he has against celibacy? ... ]
In society Japanese, we say that you're weird, you are not 'futsu [ normal ]. I pity you, [ The Japanese must be normal, according to Japanese standards respectfully. So he thinks, I do not know why. Even my compatriots do not ask me to be a Japanese 'normal' to me, who have lived abroad for long periods, but he, the nipponomane, requires me! ]
Finally, Japan is far from being a true democracy comparable to Europe and other countries. [ Sarkozia Cheers! ]
Honestly, what would not you write that shit in your blog? Whether you know
Democracy? we do not learn this in literature but in law. [ Yeah, apparently it's very large complex, literature ... ]
If your father was a worker, how could you finance your studies? Even in France, it takes money to live, although the fees are ridiculous next to Japan, where education is a commodity that is expensive. [ Good students are eligible for exemption from education fees and a scholarship (which must be repaid, but still). And he is THE expert from Japan! ]
Certainly, you do look more like your country a decade ago, you now perceive any major defects.
Nobody will hire more than in Japan as 'freeters'. [ He believes what he heard. Hat. ] Even in the field of translation, it does give you that 1800 yen per hour. Shame, is not it!
Conclusion, you are rude and aggressive, quite the opposite of a Japanese. You really are Japanese or you make fun of people on your blog? [ But why does he always say 'The Japanese are like that'? ]
Especially we can not see you in the picture.
You may be one of those cursed French posing for a Japanese? [ If I do not agree with his image of the Japanese, he wants to take my Japanese citizenship?! What a wonderful world! Moreover, the 'Japanese' do not necessarily face the Japanese these days. There are 'white' who speak only Japanese. ]
If this is true, then thank you to tell me what you do exactly? [ But I say it openly: I perform translations. I admit that the money that I draw is not enough, but so what? ]
Finally, there is no age in Japan to stay with her parents is very common, is not it? [ And then? I spent ten years in France, I returned to my country last year and I currently live with my mother. I will go elsewhere next year, I do not know. It is interesting that the man who said "I am very familiar with Japan" a while ago is suddenly transformed into French champion of family values. He can not yet even at Tanguy. ;-p]
is true that there are many shameful things in Japan that it is acting as if they did not exist and never talk about it. [ Maybe he never read my blog that he found it too interesting '. ]

I put on the reception of the MySpace photos the house that I lived when I was little, but my father had closed the plant even before I was born. (It was a very small factory, but this person speaks of 'the business of manufacturing soy sauce, lol) It was after car dealership, but he was dismissed by refusing the transfer. So it was attached to the region. I knew my father was an attendant. I always regret it, and if I am ashamed of my state, only to him.
I want a permanent job because I'm tired of instability. And this man comes word that he heard somewhere: freeters. Is knows the meaning of this word? I do not think. (That's another word evil is done free of [English] and Arbeiter [German].) They are hand-intensive, and I must wear? (I respect the workers, but I do not serve much use as a workforce.) And he knows the reality of Japan like that? But he takes me for who?
I do not really know, but perhaps is it a zemmouritude (which means anti-left politically incorrect) which is now in vogue in France apparently. He is aware that everything he says is only a caricature of contemporary Japan, I do not think that's asking too much.

PS I think I already mentioned in this blog, but the famous thesis of 'civilization of Shame' is the American Ruth Benedict, who had a very bad idea to advise Roosevelt not to touch the imperial system in Japan. I have no obligation to respect the image of Japan, very 'seen from elsewhere'.

PPS What makes me laugh the most is his reasoning CM2 level.

You made literary studies.
So you only know the literature.
literature, it does not win.
So you're good to do temporary work.

That way, he thinks about Japan, but in truth he only reveals his ancient prejudices of a parvenu petit bourgeois very very average (I oups! the deduction of crap like him!)-p
And what 'm irritates more than anything is that there may be typical of Japanese and very friendly kind, who would respond to this insidious contempt and "friendly" with an ambiguous smile, and he hoped from me ! grrrr

I warn you. If you backslide, I will publish your name. You will be disgraced even in your glorious country. Think about your family.

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favoritism

On rencontre souvent la fétichisation des mots en japonais. Elle est complètement intraduisible et incompréhensible pour les non Japonais. Par exemple, on peut entendre ce genre de dialogue entre un enfant et un adulte.

what I want to grow ? Qu'est-ce que tu veux faire quand tu seras grand?
want to be a pastry! Je veux être pâtissier!
I want a candy store. Tu veux être pâtissier ( okashiya ), right?
ちがう, お菓子 屋 さん じゃなく て, パティシエ! But no, I want to be a pastry chef, but not pastry ( okashiya )! When the philosopher

Kripke reflected on the question of proper names, he spoke of a French whose dream was to live in London. He managed to live in London, but he did not realize it because the city he now lives in London called it. Thus, he wanted to controvert the thesis of Bertrand Russell who said that names were definable ("Aristotle is the man who wrote the Nicomachean Ethics ).
In Japan, the one who eats nata de coco do not realize that what he consumes is a coconut, and sometimes it should just take the coffee when he wants drink caffè latte . All Japanese live every day the question kripkéenne.
must reflect this fact to understand the case TAMOGAMI. It seems that the captain of the Air Force does not like Japan is called a "land invaders" (侵略 国家, shinryaku Kokka ). He claims it is inadmissible that only Japan is called invading country, while there is no other country that is well known. The problem is simple, but difficult to realize: In the head of TAMOGAMI, the word is shinryaku Kokka fetishized. Finally, it is only a question of terminology jargonisée which completely lacks flexibility of interpretation. For TAMOGAMI if they accused Nazi Germany of all crimes of war, and that European nations repent of imperialism and colonialism, it is not his problem, unless they are trained specifically shinryaku Kokka Japanese. "It is only Japan that is called like that and it's unfair," that word is embedded in his head, and its logic is steadfast forever. It would, therefore, that someone calls on EU countries "shinryaku Kokka" before him to change his mind! He must know that London is simply another name for London, and the pastry is okashiya Japanese. Paradoxically, it was he who said that other major countries have never been invaders, and he does not know himself, because he simply never heard the word shinryaku Kokka qualify for these countries.

And TAMOGAMI spoke of the great patronage operation (え こ ひいき 大 作戦) in another article he published in a journal. The term is stupid and annoying. It seems that victimizes officers of the SDF (ie, the soldiers of the Japanese army) who are experiencing a problem after World War II pacifist in this country. And he claims that soldiers are entitled to patronage equilibria for the unfavorable situation for the army.
Here is an example of the patronage operation. The boss of a chain hotel, a supporter of the revisionist thesis TAMOGAMI, was entitled to ride in a fighter plane, although no private person may have no right. And a very curious coincidence that this boss is organizing the competition trials where TAMOGAMI won first prize with his famous writing. Other jury members all voted without knowing the candidates, but the organizer of the contest, which was in place to know the names of the authors gave more points to his friend. And nobody in the jury did not even know that the vote was counted from the organizer. As the operation is reciprocal favoritism.
Now we know that someone TAMOGAMI like that has no shame to parade this unjust act to promote his friends with public funds from the army headquarters was the head of the Air Force. And the Japanese do not care completely, and even today he repeated his nonsense, and the TV is happy to talk without showing any critical attitude towards him. What the world is beautiful.

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Bronze

A French skater Yannick Ponsero called, I did not know was on the NHK Trophy gala earlier. The subtitle said that music was entitled Bronze (Latin letters). In fact, it was The Bronzés lol Is that NHK had the soundtrack CD in Italian? ,-P is very likely that the captioner did not understand what he heard as the title, and he put on the screen spelling most likely in his opinion, while not knowing what language it was. He ought to write it in katakana simply ...
Maybe it Yannick, whose performance was referring to films, did not know at all that the Japanese have never seen. (Patrice Leconte is a filmmaker Monsieur Hire for them.) And the Japanese public reception was very warm. I do not think they understand a single thing that was funny Ponsero in its presentation, but apparently everyone was happy. Even the presenter could not see why the skater was skiing and then to Bermuda, but his comment was "It captures the public's heart!" Everyone is beautiful, there's no boundaries for crops ... And personally, I have great difficulty with these films too French.

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Premier illiterate

rate approval rating for Prime Minister Taro Aso decline significantly over the past week. It is now less than 40%. But why? The people have discovered with astonishment he really did not read manga. He said it openly, but I thought he claimed to gain popularity among young people. But we now know that it lied by saying no. The evidence is that he can not read Chinese characters ... And it really has nothing to do with ségolénitude or sarkozytude.
Here are the words which he has publicly given the wrong reading.

踏 袭 (keep pace) (correct reading) とう しゅう Toshu - (Reading Manga Aso) * * ふし ゅう fushû 详细
(details) Sai speak shôsaï - * Sai * yôsaï
unprecedented way (inouï) Mizou mizoü - * only * mizôyû
Yu injured elephants (blessure) injury kéga - * worth * kaïga
existence (existence) Yes umu - * Yes * yûmu
Yu measures (mesures [à prendre]) Concerning sochi - し ょち shochi (处置)
频繁 (common) ひんぱん hinpan - はん ざつ hanzatsu (烦 雑)

What people do not say in dismay, is that all these faults are "interesting "varied. It's really an anthology of mistakes!
The most serious fault is the first example. Reading on'yomi (playback faithful to the ancient Chinese pronunciation in principle) of the kanji 踏 is tô while that kun'yomi (read-Japanese translation) is fumu . It is true that writing 踏む (the kanji + hiragana the mu) for the verb fumu , but reading the character never gives fu alone, because it's not fu meaningless as well. That's the word fumu (setting foot on it) which is the translation of character. It does not subtract! It's a mistake at school. (The overall composition of the two-word kanji is on'yomi + on'yomi .)
could venture an interpretation pseudo psychoanalysis. This is an error of a child pre-teen self, but that does not allow to point out that there is another word fushû Japanese. Aso has read the manuscript prepared by a senior official that was written that the current Japanese government "not followed the" discourse of the former Socialist Minister Murayama, who acknowledged that Japan invaded Asia during the first half of 20th century. The word fushû (腐臭) means "the rotten smell." It is quite possible that the unconscious reaction to Aso, who is no better than TAMOGAMI, he has been told that Murayama's speech felt rot.
The second example of an advance level. It's a schoolboy error. Long live progress! Often the component part of the kanji shows pronunciation. The "key" character is 详 言, and the component is 羊. When you do not know how to read kanji , you can give the reading on'yomi of the component. It's a trick that works pretty well. But in this case, the on'yomi of 羊 ( yo) is not the correct reading of 详 ( sho). No luck, Tarochan! Examples of

未曾 有, 有无 and 怪 我 are another problem very well explained in the teaching of Japanese language in Japan and in Japanese language textbooks for foreigners. A kanji has frequently two on'yomi : go'on (呉 音) [sound of Wu] and kan'on (汉 音) [sound of Han]. In the eighth century during the era of Nara, Japan's fledgling government has sent delegations to China. And these are sent back to Japan the new pronunciation of Chinese, even reading "correct". This is called kan'on , And the former pronunciation, "provincial reading" so to speak, go'on . The kan'on has supplanted go'on by the efforts of the state, but the former Reading remained in elementary words or Buddhist. The reading of kan'on 有 yu is and go'on, u . It is true that reading the kanji yu is generally, but these two words and 未曾 有 有无 are words of Buddhist origin. No luck, again! It's the same 怪 我, the kan'on of 怪 is kai, and go'on, ké .
The case of the last two words in the list is completely different from previous examples. Aso has simply confused the words.措置 ( Sochi) and 处置 ( shochi ) (treatment) are words that are very similar to the confusion, a bit like conditions and conjecture. So I would say that it is the least serious misconduct. In addition, even if these words are not replaceable, they are synonyms, while conditions and conjecture are not. But the other cases
频繁 ( hinpan ) and 烦 雑 ( hanzatsu ), which is difficult to respond to a lesser resemblance can not be explained at the level of psychoanalysis. Even if the word was 频繁 on the manuscript, it is not a foul play, but a Freudian slip.频繁 the word means "common" but 烦 雑 "tedious." Aso said that the meeting for the Sino-Japanese friendship was as follows: "the reciprocal visit of leaders of both countries is increasingly tedious " instead of "frequent . It's pretty sad that journalists do not speak Japanese as a misread, without seeing any of the unconscious Aso.
Anyway, it's very strange that the Japanese generally indifferent to the policy lowers the survey because the Prime Minister can not read the kanji .

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Japan is better than Iran? Two poems

I think that is Emmanuel Todd, who said Iran was a country paradoxical. It is true that the system is archaic, but the level of democracy in this country is fairly advanced. In Japan, the opposite, or the same thing. It is known (or believed) that it is a democratic country, but authorities are often in the darkness misérabilissime.
Chief of the Army Air TAMOGAMI was fired because he published an essay "revisionist". This term is mine, because the Japanese lack the normal ability to call a spade a spade. This writing is universally described as "different from the official opinion of the government," as if all the journalists wanted to endorse the opinion of the captain, who says it is not true that Japan invaded Asia in the first part of the twentieth century.
I downloaded the PDF file of this writing, but I did not read it yet. But I read the summary a little more specific than that which was published the day after his dismissal. His thesis makes me laugh. It is indeed a conspiracy theory that the death was announced long ago. TAMOGAMI talking about the Communist conspiracy. Chiang Kai-shek was manipulated by Communist spies within the Kuomintang, and Mr. Roosevelt! For Pearl Harbor, Japan was trapped by the Communists through the U.S. President. But of course ...
Today we interviewed in the Upper House for him to explain his view. He has not defended without apology, of course, in this empire of apology, and he wanted the reform Japan's pacifist constitution, which rejects war.
And is it the public outcry? Not at all! Several senators on the Liberal Democratic Party say "I do not see where the evil of the opinion TAMOGAMI. Are they are aware of what they say? Roosevelt, a puppet of the communists? The Americans were not they your friends? Are you aware of your status as senators? Frankly, it worries me.
(For cons, I'm flabbergasted by the indulgence of leadership Americans. They probably know very well that these childish Japanese do not know at all what they say.)

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HAGIWARA Sakutaro

Face sick to the bottom of the earth

Deep in the earth appears a face, a face
a patient alone.

In the darkness in the depths of the earth,
Gently push the stems of herbs,
Appear nests of rats began to tremble
hair countless
Who mingle,
Grow bamboo fine roots green
They grow, they look good and
fatal,
As if they smoked,
fatal Really good.

In the darkness in the depths of the earth,
Appears a face of a patient alone. From

howling at the moon (1917)


(I want to go to France)

I want to go to France,
But France is too far.
At least I take my new jacket,
and to travel without a destination.
All alone, I'll think of pretty things
leaned against the window blue
When the train passes through the mountains.
At dawn of May, wants
As the heart where young people grow herbs.

Series Songs From the simple heart (1925)


HAGIWARA Sakutaro (1886-1942) was a Japanese poet, generally regarded as the innovator of modern Japanese poetry. His first collection of poems howling at the moon (1917) has been indexed because of his immorality. Her untitled poem that begins with the words "I want to go to France" remains firmly etched in the memory and the unconscious of all Japanese Francophiles.

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Story of a virtuoso (news NAKAJIMA Atsushi)

NAKAJIMA Atsushi (1909-1942) is a Japanese novelist, who was gifted to the rewriting of old tales of the Orient. We know other writers who are known to have attempted the same kind, Ryunosuke Akutagawa (1892-1927) and Osamu Dazai (1909-1948), for example. But differently Akutagawa of moralist and satirist Dazai, modernizing Nakajima tends to suggest new intellectual Borges and Michel Tournier. I think it could have been a Japanese Borges had he not died so early (asthma). I do not know if I'm the only imagine. He's a writer that the Japanese are learning at school, but curiously unknown abroad. Still less known qu'Akutagawa Dazai and even in Japan, I am nevertheless confident that Nakajima was the best of its kind. My translation does not reflect the elegance of his style (very tongue-in for this new laughter).
The Story of a virtuoso is a fable whose moral is very difficult to find. I do not know yet. The textbook prefers other works easier to understand, but I think it is the best.
As the news is based on Chinese history, I transcribed the names of places and characters in the Chinese way.



Story of a virtuoso (news NAKAJIMA Atsushi) (1942) A man named

Jichang residing in Handan, capital of Zhao, took the decision to become the best archer in the world. After looking for someone who was worthy of his master, he could not imagine that there would be another man who emulate the champion Feiwei for archery now. They said it was a virtuoso who never failed to pierce a sheet of weeping willow at the distance of a hundred paces. Jichang made a long journey to make visiting him and knocked at his door.
Feiwei ordered his new disciple to learn first not to blink. Jichang went home, went under the loom of his wife, and lay on his back. His idea was to stare without blinking beats fast feet on the pedals, flush from his eyes. His wife was very surprised, not knowing reason. She told him he was already embarrassing his ridiculous attitude was regarded by her husband's strange angle. He scolded his wife, who balked and forced her to continue weaving. Day after day, he multiplied the exercise not to blink in this position laughable. It's in two years he never beat her eyelids, while the pedals that moved constantly brushed lashes. He finally emerged from under the craft. He was already so much so that he blinked more even if a sharp point punch would sting his eyes. If sparks flew into his eyes suddenly, or a column of ash appeared Suddenly before him, he never blinked. Her eyelids had completely forgotten the use of their muscles to close, and his eyes were very wide open even when he was in deep sleep. Finally, when a small spider wove a web between his eyelashes, he finally had confidence, and announced the news to his master Feiwei.
After the hearing, it said: "It is not enough to teach shooting, just because you do not blink your eyes more. Soon learn to watch. When the way you look is ripe, by which you see as the small great, and you see the tiny like the huge, you can come back to me to announce it. "
Jichang returned home again, found a louse of a stitch in his jersey, and bound her hair. So he hanged to the window facing south, and he decided to spend time looking all day. He looked at the power hung in the window every day. At first it was a power course. He remained a power in two or three days. But after ten days, it seemed that his eyes beheld dimly just a little bit bigger, it is unclear whether it was because of his imagination. At the end of the third month lice was the size of a silkworm undoubtedly in his eyes. The landscape behind the window with the beast hanging changed as and when. The day of spring shone gently turned into fierce summer sun without being noticed. Just as the wild geese had crossed the top of the transparent autumn sky, already melted snow fell from the ceiling gray and chilling. Jichang continued to look with patience the little insect, phtiraptera, pruritic, hanging at the end of the hair. Already three years flowed as the power was replaced dozens of times. One day he suddenly noticed that his eyes saw the creature to size of a horse. The word "this is it! "Escaped his lips, and he left the house. He could not believe his eyes. The man was a tall tower. The horse was a mountain. The pig looked like a hill, the rooster and a castle. Jichang, elated, went home, remade the face of the window to power, notch an arrow of sagebrush north of the arc horn and pulled Yan; the arrow pierced the heart of many precisely louse and which bound the hair was not even cut.
Jichang went to his master to tell him the news. Feiwei his feet and beat his chest, and complimented him for the first time, saying "Bravo! . And he began immediately to learn all the intricacies of Jichang archery.
advantage of five years spent on the Exercise of eyes basic technique Jichang made astonishingly rapid progress.
On the tenth day after the start of transmission of secrets, Jichang tried to pull the leaves of willow at a distance of hundred yards, and he never failed to pierce into one. In the twentieth day he took a mighty bow, a full cup of water on his right elbow. Not only was there no deviation to the target, but the water in the cup did not move. After a month of training, he tried a quick shot with a hundred arrows. The first reached the goal, and the second which followed it plunged into the barrel of the first seamless, and then the tip of the third soon penetrated firmly into the shaft of the second. Arrow to arrow, shot for shot, such as iron sank the following still in the barrel of the previous arrows do not fell to the ground. In a moment, a hundred arrows s'enchaînèrent as a single arrow, and it seemed that that was the last continuata purpose of a straight line even touched the rope. Even Feiwei, the teacher who looked next to him says "Perfect! "In spite of himself.
Two months after the start Jichang, having quarreled with his wife, tried to threaten, notch an arrow Wuhao arc and Wei Qi, handed the rope and pulled over his eyes. The arrow cut off three lashes and flew to the devil, but the woman referred noticed nothing and continued to swear against him without blinking. Perhaps the arrow speed and accuracy of sight by his sublime art they reached this level.



With nothing to learn from his master, had suddenly Jichang bad thoughts a day.
He thought himself then to arrive at this conclusion: "Now there is more than my master Feiwei who could be my opponent for archery. That I may be the first virtuoso of the world, we must eliminate at all costs. While he sought an opportunity unwittingly, he found himself approaching Feiwei walk from far across the field by one day. As soon as Jichang determined on the spot, visa entering an arrow Feiwei, sensing the danger, not less quickly answered with his bow. Both drew upon one another, and arrows clashed whenever halfway, and fell to the ground. This is probably because their arts were one and the other register divine traits that fell did not lead to any dust. However, when Feiwei arrows were exhausted, there remained one last Jichang. As soon as he pulled with the triumphant spirit, the other cut the branch of a wild rose next door, and shot the very tip with the tip of the spine. A moral remorse, which would never have happened had he succeeded at that time suddenly rises in the heart of Jichang, who understood that his desperate hope might be realized not last. As for Feiwei, relief to have got out of danger and self-love for his own art made completely forget the hatred of his enemy. They ran to each other, embraced in the field, and the tears of love beautiful master-disciple does not exhausted for a while. (It is irrelevant to consider this matter with the mores of today. When the Lord Huangong Qi, known for its gastronomy, asked to taste a rarity that he had never eaten, its chef served him Yiya his own son steamed. Male to sixteen years, the first Emperor of Qin, mishandled the favorite of his father three times in the night of death thereof. All these stories date from this period.)
Even hugging each other in tears, Feiwei who believed that this disciple was very likely to resume this plot, thought that there was no better than to divert his mind by giving it a new purpose. He told the student dangerous. "I have forwarded everything I could teach you. If you want more sublime mysteries of this art is going to climb the steep road west of Taihang to the summit of Mount Huoshan. There must be the master Ganying, the genius of this art, all exceptional in this world. In comparison with the art of this master, our fire resemble child's play. I believe there is more than the master Ganying now, you should go as your master. "



Jichang went immediately to the west. The words of his master who told them that their games were no better than those of children for that person put his pride in race. If that were true, his desire to be the best in the world is still far from being achieved. In the haste to meet him as soon as possible to play against him and see if his shot looked like a children's game, he threw himself on the road. He tore the soles of the feet, scratched legs, climbed the dangerous rock, crossed the road boards, and finally arrived for the summit in a month. Whoever receives
Jichang excited eyes were as soft as lamb, but he was a senile old man while. His age should not exceed one hundred years. He dragged his white beard, walking on earth, especially as his back bent.
Jichang announced the reason for his arrival rushed out loud, for fear that he was deaf. Once he was asked what he would think the level of his art, pressed, he waited more than his answer, he suddenly detached arc powerful willow surrounded by hemp and took her back to her hand. And then, he notched an arrow Shijie, visa and the flight of migratory birds passing up into the sky about. Reacting to the rope, five large birds fell by cutting the blue sky immediately after one shot.
The old man said, "It appears that you have the basic" drawing a smile. "But this is a shot of fire at the bottom, I do not think that you know already shooting non-shooting, my child. "Previous
Jichang annoyed, the old hermit brought him on the steep cliff that was about two hundred yards away. Beneath their feet was literally a chasm inaccessible, which was of such height that would feel dizzy if you ventured to cast one eye on the river could be seen as a thread much lower. The old man ran easily on the fragile rock that protrude into the air near the cliff, and told Jichang turning. "What do you say? Do you have the kindness to show me what you did earlier on this rock? "Jichang could no longer retreat. When he put his foot on the rock by relaying the old man, stone trembled slightly at once. When he was punching the arrow with all his courage, a stone fell from the end of the cliff at the same time. When he followed his trail with his eyes, he crouched on the rock against his will. His legs were trembling, and sweat flowing to the ankles. The old man held out his hand, laughing and sent down the rock on which he ascended in his turn, and said, "Well, I'll show you what it's like shooting. "Although the heart beat and it would still pale, Jichang noticed right away:" But what do you do with the bow? Where is your bow? The old man had nothing in his hands. "You say the arc? Until you need the bow, Shooting is shooting. As for the firing of non-firing, one does not need to bow to the varnish or black arrow Sushen. "
Just above them, a kite drew a circle to the place extremely high in the sky. Ganying who looked up the image as small as a grain of sesame, soon notched an arrow to his bow invisible formless, pulled the rope as the full moon and let go. Look, the kite falls on the rock from heaven, even without flapping its wings.
Jichang froze. He felt as if he had glimpsed for the first time the depths of this art. He remained in this
old teacher for nine years. Nobody knows what kind of exercises he was engaged during this time. When
Jichang down from the mountain after these nine years, people were astonished that her face was transformed. Mine brave and proud had gone on the road, but he had now face as a puppet, even an idiot without any expression. And yet, when he went to visit his old master Feiwei after a long absence, he exclaimed at the sight of this figure. "That's the mark of the first virtuoso of the world. Shooters like we never get to his ankles. "The city of
Handang, welcoming Jichang back, now the virtuoso world, burned waiting for the meeting of its sublime art which was soon to afford them. But
Jichang would not respond at all to this solicitation. It was not all, he would never even take the bow in his hand. It seemed that he had even thrown somewhere arc surrounded by willow hemp he had won when he had gone into the mountains. Jichang languishing replied to someone who asked him the reason: "The Supreme left to do, say it leaves the ultimate say, the shot leaves the Supreme shooting. "Indeed," citizens Handang, very understanding, approved at once his views. The master of archery who never drew became their pride. Longer Jichang no longer on his bow, and his reputation of an invincible man was highly prevalent.
Various rumors were passed by word of mouth. Every night, after midnight, we hear the rustle of the rope on the roof, no one knows whom. They say the spirit of the way of archery comes out during sleep the body of the hero who hosts it, and it monitors the city to defend it against the demons. A trader who lives near his home starts state have been seen on the cloud Jichang, who had his bow in his hand for a time, two former rival virtuosos Yi and Yang Youji. And each arrow that three teachers have drawn disappeared between Orion and the Dog Star dragging tail bluish light in the night sky. A robber has confessed. He wanted to creep into the house Jichang, but a gust of wind came out of the deadly silent house as soon as he put his foot on the wall and struck his forehead, he fell out despite himself. Now, people of bad faith made the trip, do not bring about a kilometer from his house, and migratory birds not spent more intelligent above his house. The virtuoso
Jichang ages at As at mid-wave reputation. It seemed that his heart had already left the fire long ago, penetrated deeper into the world quiet and empty. Face like a puppet even lost expressions, it was rare for him to speak, and they doubted the existence of his last breath. The old virtuoso told towards the end of his life: "I do not know the difference between him and me, between Yes and No. It seems to me that the eyes are ears, nose ears, nose and mouth is. "
Forty years after leaving Master Ganying, Jichang disappeared noiselessly, really like smoke. He never talked about the shooting during these forty years. Since he never mentioned it, there could be activities with bow and arrow. It is natural that, as a fabulist, I'd like to see the old virtuoso prowess to properly finish the story, and reveal why this was indeed the genuine virtuoso, but on the other hand, I can Nor never distort the facts recorded in the archive. In reality, it only tells that Jichang old was well in idleness, except for a single story strange as follows. It
seems that this story tells the events that happened one or two years before his death. Old Jichang replied to the invitation of an acquaintance one day and saw a tool in the house. It was indeed an instrument he had ever seen, but he could not remember the name or job, whatever he did. The old man asked the host. "What is the name of this thing, and for what purpose do we use? The host simply believed that the guest joked, and smiled a malicious way. Old Jichang questioned again face serious. But the other had an ambiguous smile, and he seemed puzzled that the guest had in his head. When Jichang repeated the same question for the third time to lead serious shade of surprise appeared on the face of the host for the first time. He scanned the eyes of the guest. He realized he was not joking, he was delirious, nor that he had not misheard, he showed a fright near a fright, and cried, stammering.
"Ah! My master! You are the incomparable virtuoso of all time, have you forgotten the bow? Ah! Even his name and his job! "For a long time
after this episode, we say that hid the brush painters, musicians cut the string instruments, and that architects were ashamed to touch the rules in the city of Handang.

Translated from Japanese by Hisashi FUKUI. I'm sorry for the translation early as usual (I finished in two days) and the absence of notes. :-(

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is a book published in 1939. Those who can read Japanese realize they wrote from right to left at the time. In reality, this does was not horizontal writing left to right, but writing with a single vertical character line (column).佛兰西 is France in Chinese characters. Shinchosha (新潮社) remains one of the most important houses in Japan.

Novelists are collected by Anatole France, Charles-Louis Philippe, Henri Barbusse and Andre Gide. The choice shows the air.
Here is the table (right) and the first page.
Selected works are Thais and L'Affaire Crainquebille Anatole France, Bubu of Montparnasse by Charles-Louis Philippe, The Inferno by Henri Barbusse, The Strait Gate by Andre Gide.
Out under the table, you Katakana can see that the Japanese no longer use. This is the ワ ( wa) with two points on the right shoulder: ワ ゛. You can read a word カワ ゛ ー which is a transcription of the English word cover. It was an attempt in vain to transcribe the consonant v that did not exist in the Japanese language. Now the word is written in general カバー (more rarely カヴァー).